Video Lectures on "Semiconductor Device Modeling" by Prof. S. Karmalkar

Video Lecture Series from IIT Professors :

Semiconductor Device Modeling by  Prof. S. Karmalkar sir

Prof. S. Karmalkar

Shreepad Karmalkar is a Professor of Electrical Engineering at IITM. He received the B. Tech and accelerated PhD degrees in Electrical Engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IITM), in 1983 and 1989, respectively. He has held visiting research / teaching assignments at several US universities, namely, University of California, Santa Barbara; Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York; and University of South Carolina, Columbia, USA.

He has authored numerous articles in journals, conferences and books, and has been awarded several patents in the areas of semiconductor device modeling and process development. For his research contributions, he has received the 2005 Vikram Sarabhai Award and a 2007 IBM Faculty Award. His contributions in the field of education include video courses on Solid State Devices and Semiconductor Device Modeling hosted on the internet (see links below), and a lecture-cum-activity oriented course to foster research skills among research scholars. He is an Associate Editor of IEEE Transactions on Education.

He also acts as a consultant to industries for developing manufacturing processes for semiconductor devices, and as a reviewer of several reputed journals.

He was a member of the National Working Group on Nanotechnology set up by Department of Information Technology, Govt of India.

He was the Coordinator of the Educational Technology Cell, and Vice-Chairman of JEE 2006 and Chairman of JEE 2007 operations in the South Zone.

He serves on the board of directors of CyberTech Systems and Software Ltd., Trevose, PA, USA.

Postal Address	: Department of Electrical Engineering   Indian Institute of Technology Madras   Chennai - 600036
Office	: Room 212C, Electrical Sciences Block
Phone	: 91-44-2257-5415 (Lab), -4409 (O), -6409 (R), 944490 - 8220 (M)
E-mail	: karmal(at)ee.iitm.ac.in
Education	: PhD (Directly after B.Tech), IIT Madras (1989)   BTech (EE), IIT Madras (1983)

COURSE OUTLINE :
 
Course Learning Outcomes

At the end of this course you should be able to

1. Explain the equations, approximations and techniques available for deriving a model with specified properties, for a general device characteristic with known qualitative theory
2. Apply suitable approximations and techniques to derive the model referred to above starting from drift-diffusion transport equations (assuming these equations hold)
3. Offer clues to qualitative understanding of the physics of a new device and conversion of this understanding into equations
4. Simulate characteristics of a simple device using MATLAB, SPICE and ATLAS / SYNOPSYS
5. Explain how the equations get lengthy and parameters increase in number while developing a compact model
6. List mathematical functions representing various non-linear shapes

Module no.	Module Learning Outcomes	No. of (Total) Hours
0	Motivation, Contents and Learning Outcomes	1 Lec 1
1	Introduction At the end of this module you should be able to  State the constituents of a device model  Recognize the importance of approximations in a model  Recognize the various stages of IC design where device models are used  Distinguish among activities of analysis, modeling, simulation and design Transform the equivalent circuit form of a device model into a mathematical form, and vice-versa Recognize how the equations get lengthy and parameters increase in number while developing a model	1 Lec - 1
2	Semi-classical Bulk Transport – Qualitative Model At the end of this module you should be able to explain qualitatively the following in semiconductors The reason for terming certain mechanisms of carrier motion as semi-clasical The concepts of scattering, effective mass and carrier temperature The phenomena of ohmic transport, velocity saturation, velocity overshoot and ballistic transport of carriers The series of approximations leading to the drift-diffusion carrier transport formulation starting from the concept of carriers as particles in random thermal motion	5 Lec -  1 Lec - 2 Lec - 3 Lec - 4 Lec - 5
3	Semi-classical Bulk Transport – EM field and Transport Equations At the end of this module you should be able to Write the equations of electromagnetic field driving the device current, namely Maxwell’s wave equations and their quasi-static approximation Lorentz force equation Recognize the four approaches of determining the device current, developed out of the individual carrier and  ensemble viewpoints, in each of which the carrier can be treated either as a particle or as a wave Recognize that the equations of carrier transport  in semiconductor devices have a common form which manifests conservation of some physical quantity Write the fundamental equations of determining the device current based on each of the following: Schrodinger equation, Newton’s second law and    Boltzmann Transport Equation (BTE) Write the equation for lattice temperature or heat flux, and recognize its necessity for determining the device current from the ensemble point of view Derive the approximations of the BTE, namely: carrier, momentum and energy balance equations drift-diffusion and thermoelectric current equation Apply the balance equations to derive expressions for the velocity-field and velocity overshoot characteristics	8 Lec - 1 Lec - 2 Lec - 3 Lec - 4 Lec - 5 Lec - 6 Lec - 7 Lec - 8
4	Drift-Diffusion Transport Model – Equations, Boundary Conditions, Mobility and Generation / Recombination At the end of this module, you should be able to write, for the widely used drift-diffusion transport model, its three coupled equations in electron concentration, n, hole concentration, p, and potential ψ the conditions imposed on n, p and ψ at the contacted and non-contacted boundaries of the device, to solve he coupled equations the equations for field dependent mobility in bulk and inversion layers the equations for different generation-recombination mechanisms	5 Lec - 1 Lec - 2 Lec - 3 Lec - 4 Lec - 5
5	Characteristic times and lengths At the end of this module, you should be able to  State the characteristic times and lengths associated with the bulk carrier population under equilibrium the relaxation of disturbance in       * carrier momentum and energy       * excess EHP concentration       * space-charge the transit of an average carrier across the device length State the conditions (including those at the boundary) and the defining differential equation  associated  with each characteristic time and length State the order of magnitude of, and factors governing, the characteristic times and lengths State how the characteristic times and lengths are useful in qualitative description of device phenomena simulation and characterization of devices validation of approximations Derive the defining equations associated with the various characteristic times and lengths Identify approximations which will simplify, decouple or eliminate any of the equations of carrier transport, e.g. DD equations, balance equations etc. Express the qualitative analysis using graphs of  n, p, Jn, Jp, E, ψ versus x, t	6 Lec - 1 Lec - 2 Lec - 3 Lec - 4 Lec - 5 Lec - 6
6	Energy band diagrams At the end of this module you should be able to Explain how the wave nature of electrons restricts the allowed energy, ε, of electrons subjected to a periodic potential, to certain energy bands Outline the features, methods of determination and utilities of ε-k and ε-x diagrams of a semiconductor Explain the concept of crystal momentum Determine the effective mass, group velocity and crystal momentum of an electron, having an energy ε, from theε-k diagram Sketch and explain the ε-k diagrams of Si and GaAs  Determine and sketch the ε-x diagram of a uniform semiconductor under the following conditions: equilibrium, for any doping and temperature uniform volume generation applied bias Determine and sketch the ε-x diagram of a spatially non-uniform semiconductor under equilibrium, in which the doping and composition change abruptly at a point (hetero-junction) gradually Explain how the energy band diagram can be used to derive the exponential       increase in the diode current with forward bias Sketch and explain the ε-x diagram of a p+ n junction under high forward bias Sketch the 1-D band diagram (ε-x)  and interpret a 2-D band diagram (ε -x, y) of any device	7 Lec - 1 Lec - 2 Lec - 3 Lec - 4 Lec - 5 Lec - 6 Lec - 7
7	SQEBASTIP: The Nine Steps of Deriving a Device Model At the end of this module, you should be able to Describe the nine steps for deriving a device model Apply the nine steps to derive the model of a spreading resistance Name the requirements of an elegant model Identify the variables, constants and parameters of a model Organize the approximations associated with a device model into a specific tabular form Express an equation in a normalized form	3 Lec - 1 Lec - 2 Lec - 3
8	Types of Device Models At the end of this module, you should be able to describe the classification of device models based on the time rate of change or frequency of voltage / current variation amplitude of voltage / current variation starting point of the derivation attributes of the solution technique attributes of the mathematical function attributes of the parameters and constants - application interpret, from the jargon employed, the type of model being addressed in any literature on device modeling use the appropriate jargon to convey a particular type of device model	2 Lec - 1 Lec - 2
9	MOSFET Model: Structure and Characteristics, Qualitative Model ---- Under development ---
10	MOSFET Model: Equations, Boundary Conditions and Approximations ---- Under development ---
11	MOSFET Model: Surface Potential based and Threshold based solutions ---- Under development ---
12	MOSFET Model: Testing, Improvement and Parameter Extraction ---- Under development ---